Alfa Jiwa

KDE Installation and Configuration

2010-05-17T18:03:00.000-07:00

The K Desktop Package (KDE) is another popular window manager that is somewhat more mature than GNOME is at the time of this writing. However, it seems to require a bit more memory resources than GNOME does, so take into consideration the amount of RAM you have available on your system (if you have anything less than 64 Mb of RAM and 128 Mb of swap, you might be better off using GNOME).

The first step for installing KDE is to download the latest RPM distribution of the package. To do so, locate an FTP mirror at http://www.kde.org/mirrors.html. Try to choose a mirror that is close to your geographic location, but make sure whichever one you choose is updated often (which can be determined by looking at the list of mirrors).

When you have found a suitable mirror, download all the RPM files which are applicable to your version of Red Hat and your platform. For example, if you are using Red Hat 5.2 (or above) on an Intel platform, you will likely want to download the package from the ``/pub/mirrors/kde/stable/latest/distribution/rpm/RedHat−5.2/i386/'' directory

on the FTP mirror. After you have all the necessary files, the KDE package can be installed with the following simple commands, typed as "root" (make sure you are in the directory where all your KDE rpm files are):

rpm −Uvh qt*.rpm
install−kde−1.1−base

The above commands will install the Qt libraries first, and then install the KDE base package. Once this is done, you should log off and log back in (or if you are ``su''ed as root, just exit and ``su'' again) so that your path environment is set appropriately, then type:

install−kde−1.1−apps

The above command will install the applications programs. This installation procedure is discussed in more detail in the file ``readme−redhat−rpms.txt'' that should have been included with the KDE files you downloaded. If all goes well, and KDE has been installed without any error messages, you may, if you wish, configure KDE to be the default window manager for any of your users (the one they will see immediately after typing ``startx''), by typing the following, again as "root":

/opt/kde/bin/usekde userid

(Make sure you replace userid with an actual user id!)

More information on the K Desktop Environment can be found on the KDE web page at http://www.kde.org/. Don't forget to check out the screen shots, located at http://www.kde.org/kde2shots.html.

GNOME Installation and Configuration

2010-05-16T07:55:00.000-07:00

The GNU Network Object Model Environment (GNOME) is a windowing environment that enhances your X window environment. It is full−featured, including a large selection of applications you may find useful.

However, at the time of this writing, GNOME still has a few minor bugs, meaning you may have to put up with errant behaviour at times. However, it is fairly stable and definitely usable! If you're using Red Hat 6.1, the latest version of GNOME (at least, the latest at the time of this writing!) is included with the distribution. Otherwise, you will need to download the latest RPM distribution of the

package. At the time of this writing, the RPM files for Red Hat 6.0 i386 systems can be found at ftp://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/RHAD/redhat−6.0/i386/ (or from a mirror site).

After you have all the necessary files, the GNOME package can be installed with a simple command, typed

as "root": rpm −Uvh gtk*.rpm *.rpm

(The above command ensures the GTK libraries are installed first, to avoid dependency errors from occurring).

Contrary to popular belief, GNOME is actually not a Window manager, but instead sits on top of your favorite one, providing added functionality to it. Therefore, once you have installed GNOME, you should decide which window manager you wish to use, and create a ``.xinitrc'' file in your directory which loads the appropriate window manager and starts GNOME. The file should look something like this:

afterstep &
exec gnome−session

The above file will load AfterStep for the window manager, and then run GNOME on top of it.

More information on the GNU Network Object Model Environment can be found on the GNOME web page at http://www.gnome.org/. Don't forget to check out the screen shots, located at http://www.gnome.org/screenshots/.

by Steve Frampton,

How To Using the X Desktop Manager

2010-05-15T22:51:00.000-07:00

If you wish, you may use the X Desktop Manager (``xdm'') to start up the X Window System automatically at system boot time. This allows your Linux system to always run under X (although you can switch from the GUI to the regular consoles with −−, and then back again to the GUI with as needed). This is a nice way of providing an attractive and friendly environment for you and your users, and avoid having to type ``startx'' all the time.

To enable xdm, simply edit the ``/etc/inittab'' file and change the line that reads
"id:3:initdefault:" to the following:

id:5:initdefault:

The above change will switch Linux to run level 5 upon system boot up; this run level, by default, will start xdm. You may also wish to check your ``/etc/inittab'' file, probably near the bottom, to ensure the following line is present:

x:5:respawn:/usr/bin/X11/xdm −nodaemon

If you have enabled xdm and wish to use a higher ``bpp'' value than the default of 8 (and your video card and monitor will support it), you will need to modify the ``/etc/X11/xdm/Xservers'' file as follows:

:0 local /usr/X11R6/bin/X −bpp 24

The above change will start the xdm at 24 bits per pixel.

You may also wish to edit the ``/etc/X11/xdm/Xsetup_0'' file and with a ``#'' character, comment out the line that starts ``xbanner'' as shown:

#/usr/X11R6/bin/xbanner

This will prevent the default xdm banner screen from displaying for a split second between KDE sessions.

Sometimes you may find it necessary to switch back to the console (for example,

certain games run under the console but not under X). There are two ways of doing this. To temporarily switch away from X to the console, press , and to switch back to X again, press . Or, if you wish to terminate X altogether (thus freeing up your available memory), you can type ``/sbin/telinit 3'' as "root" to switch the system run−level; this tells XDM to terminate. To switch back, type ``/sbin/telinit 5''.

by Steve Frampton,

Flash Animasi Untuk Pelajaran Ekonomi

2010-03-26T03:18:00.000-07:00

Cara melakukan download.Setelah klik link di bawah ini, akan terbuka halaman baru yang berisi iklan. Pada Pojok Kanan atas klik SKIP ADVERTISEMENT, tunggu beberapa saat, setelah itu klik download dan masukkan kode, kemudian klik download sekali lagi. Untuk suksesnya proses download, jangan menggunakan software download pihak ketiga

Pelajaran tentang Bank klik link ini
Pelajaran tentang Pajak klik link ini
Pelajaran tentang Uang dan Inflasi klik link ini
Pelajaran tentang Bunga Majemuk klik link ini
Pelajaran tentang Pendapatan Nasional klik link ini
Pelajaran tentang Perdagangan Internasional klik link ini

Flash Animasi Pelajaran Biologi

2010-03-25T17:44:00.000-07:00

Berikut kami telah uploadkan file-file animasi flash untuk mata pelajaran Biologi. Untuk memainkan flash animasi Anda butuh software Flash Player yang bisa di download di sini untuk Windows atau bisa dimainkan dengan Media Player Classic dan pemutar-pemutar flash lainnya, sedangkan untuk linux bisa menggunakan Gnash SWF viewer atau SWFdec Flash Player yang tersedia pada repository. Untuk mengekstrak file bisa anda gunakan software winrar atau 7zip yang bisa Anda download di sini untuk windows, sedangkan untuk linux, dengan menggunakan unrar atau p7zip yang tersedia di repository.

Cara melakukan download

Setelah klik link di bawah ini, akan terbuka halaman baru yang berisi iklan. Pada Pojok Kanan atas klik SKIP ADVERTISEMENT, tunggu beberapa saat, setelah itu klik download dan masukkan kode, kemudian klik download sekali lagi. Untuk suksesnya proses donwload, jangan menggunakan software download pihak ketiga.

Saluran Pernapasan / Asma download di sini
Mitosis atau Kromosom download di sini
Jantung Koroner download di sini
Sel Tumbuhan download di sini
Sel Hewan download di sini
Filiariasis download di sini
Lumut Kerak download di sini
Sapi Gila download di sini
Penyakit Flu Burung download di sini
Fertilisasi download di sini
DNA download di sini
Gametogenesis download di sini

Proses Pembentukan Urine download di sini
Pembuahan Ganda download di sini
Sistim Pencernaan Manusia download di sini

Link-link terkait :
Model-model KTSP untuk semua jenjang klik di sini
Pengembangan Bahan Ajar SLB dan PAUD klik di sini
Presentasi tentang pengembangan SD klik di sini
Presentasi pengembangan SMP Klik di sini
Presentasi yang berhubungan dengan SMK klik di sini
Presentasi Penting SMA klik di sini

Flash Animasi Untuk Fisika

2010-03-25T01:36:00.000-07:00

Cara melakukan download.

Setelah klik link di bawah ini, akan terbuka halaman baru yang berisi iklan. Pada Pojok Kanan atas klik SKIP ADVERTISEMENT, tunggu beberapa saat, setelah itu klik download dan masukkan kode, kemudian klik download sekali lagi. Untuk suksesnya proses download, jangan menggunakan software download pihak ketiga

Efek Dopler klik ini
Vektor klik ini
Jangka Sorong dan Mikrometer klik ini
Teori Kinetik Gas klik ini
Fungsi Kuadrat klik ini
Rangkaian klik ini
Perambatan Kalor klik ini
Alat Ukur klik ini
Transistor klik ini
Pemuaian klik ini
Radiasi Benda klik ini
Listrik Statis klik ini

Presentasi tentang Pengembangan SD

2010-03-24T23:21:00.000-07:00

Cara melakukan download
Setelah klik link di bawah ini, akan terbuka halaman baru yang berisi iklan. Pada Pojok Kanan atas klik SKIP ADVERTISEMENT, tunggu beberapa saat, setelah itu klik download dan masukkan kode, kemudian klik download sekali lagi. Untuk suksesnya proses donwload, jangan menggunakan software download pihak ketiga.

Analisa Konteks SD Download di sini
Pengembangan Muatan Lokal SD Download di sini
Kajian SI, SK dan KD SD Download di sini
Pengembangan Indikator Download di sini
Pengembangan RPP SD Download di sini
Pengembangan Silabus SD Download di sini
Penetapan Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal (KKM) SD Download di sini
Pengembangan Bahan Ajar SD Download di sini

Pengembangan Bahan Ujian SD Download di sini
Konsep Dasar KBK SD Download di sini
Model Tematik SD Download di sini
PAKEM SD Download di sini
Pengembangan Diri SD Download di sini
Penilaian SD Download di sini
Penyusunan KTSP SD Download di sini
Penyusunan LHB SD Download di sini
Rancangan Penilain Hasil Belajar SD Download di sini

Link yang masih berhubungan klik di sini

Presentasi tentang Pengembangan SMP

2010-03-24T16:30:00.000-07:00

Silahkan download pada link di bawah ini tentang file-file presentasi semua hal yang berkaitan dengan SMP.
Cara melakukan download

FIle Presentasi Penilaian Baru bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi Diagnostik bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi skenario PBK bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi CTL bisa di unduh di sini
File PResentasi Pengembangan MULOK SMP bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi IPA Terpadu SMP bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi IPS Terpadu dan Pengembangan Tema SMP bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi Model Pembelajaran bisa SMP di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi Pembelajaran TT_TM_TMTT bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi Pembelajaran TUntas, Remedial dan Pengayaan bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi Penetapan KKM SMP bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi Pengembangan Bahan Ajar bisa SMP di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi Pengembangan Bahan Ujian dan Analisis Akhir bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi Pengembangan Diri SMP bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi Pengembangan RPP SMP bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi Pengembangan Silabus SMP bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi Penulisan LHB SMP bisa di unduh di sini
FIle Presentasi Penyusunan KTSP SMP bisa di unduh di sini

Link terkait untuk download silahkan klik di sini

Presentasi Penting Untuk SMA

2010-03-24T08:45:00.001-07:00

Silahkan download file-file penting yang berhubungan dengan SMU yang berisi materi-materi presentasi

Cara melakukan download

Analisa Konteks klik link ini
Penyusunan KTSP SMA klik link ini
Pengembangan Diri SMA klik link ini
Pengembangan Mulok klik link ini
Model-Model Pembelajaran SMA klik link ini
Pembelajaran TT-TM_TMTT klik link ini
Pembelajaran Tuntas, Remedial dan Pengayaan klik link ini
Rancangan Penilaian Hasil Belajar klik link ini
Penilaian 5 Kelompok Mata Pelajaran klik link ini
Penilaian Psikomotor klik link ini
Penilaian Afektif klik link ini
Penulisan dan Analisis Butir Soal klik link ini
Penilaian Portofolio klik link ini
Penilaian Hasil Belajar klik link ini
Penetapan KKM klik link ini
Kajian SI, SK dan KD klik link ini
Pengembangan indikator klik link ini
Pengembangan Materi Pembelajaran SMA klik link ini
Pengembangan SIlabus SMA klik link ini
Pengembangan RPP SMA klik link ini
Pengembangan Bahan Ajar SMA klik link ini
Penulisan LHB klik link ini

Link terkait untuk di download yang berkaitan dengan masalah pendidikan klik di sini

Pengembangan Bahan Ajar SLB dan PAUD

2010-03-24T03:45:00.000-07:00

Untuk Guru-guru Sekolah Luar Biasa, saya sudah upload file yang berhubungan dengan bahan ajar SLB Untuk tuna grahita ringan, tuna grahita sedang, tuna daksa sedang dan PAUD yang berisi tentang kerangka dasar PAUD, Silabus, Standar isi, naskah akademik, silahkan di download pada link di bawah ini

Cara melakukan download

Bahan Ajar SLB C1 download di link ini
Bahan Ajar SLB C download di link ini
Bahan Ajar SLB D download di link ini
Bahan Ajar PAUD Formal download di link ini
Bahan Ajar PAUD Non Formal download di link ini

Link terkait tentang KTSP, Silabus dan lain sebagainya yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan bisa di download di sini

Download yang Berkaitan dengan SMK

2010-03-24T03:22:00.000-07:00

download pengembangan kurikulum, Spektrum-spektrum terbaru, Penyelenggaraan Sekolah Berstandar Internasional, Penyusunan Silabus, Penyelenggaraan SKS, dalam format presentasi
bisa Anda download pada link-link di bawah ini

Cara melakukan download

Kebijakan Pengembangan Kurikulum SMK donwload di sini
Keputusan Spektrum SMK download di sini
Penyelenggaraan SBI download di sini
Penyelenggaraan SKS download di sini
Penyusunan Silabus download di sini
Penilaian dan Pelaporan Hasil Belajar download di sini
TOT KTSP SMK bisa di download di sini
Teknik Penyusunan RPP bisa di download di sini
Teknik Penyusunan Modul bisa di download di sini
Teknik Penyusunan KTSP bisa di download di sini
Pelaksanaan Prakerin bisa di download di sini
Pengelolaan Pembelajaran Berbasis Kompetensi bisa di download di sini
Pengembangan dan Penerapan PBK bisa di download di sini
Teknik Pengembangan MULOK bisa di download di sini
Petunjuk Teknis Pengembangan diri SMK bisa di download di sini
Model-model Pembelajaran SMK bisa di downloaddi sini
Isi KTSP bisa di download di sini

Link terkait tentang KTSP, Silabus Animasi Flash Pembelajaran dan lain sebagainya yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan bisa di download di sini

Model-Model KTSP

2010-03-24T02:09:00.002-07:00

Silahkan donwload/unduh model-model KTSP SD, SMP, SMA, SMK pada link di bawah ini :
Cara melakukan download

MOdel KTSP SD bisa di donwload di sini
Model KTSP SMP bisa di download di sini
Model KSTP SMPLB bisa di download di sini
Model KTSP SDLB bisa di download di sini
Model KTSP SMA bisa di download di sini
Model KTSP SMK bisa di download di sini

Link terkait tentang KTSP, Silabus Animasi Flash Pembelajaran dan lain sebagainya yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan bisa di download di sini

Five Steps To Riding Bike (Second Edition)

2009-11-30T05:29:00.000-08:00

Start Thinking Like a Cyclist. In many cases, this isn’t much different from thinking like a driver. The law in California gives bicycle riders the same rights and responsibilities as auto drivers. You must ride in a straight line if riding with other cyclists, blend in with traffic, indicate turns, stop at signs/lights and ride on the right side of the road.

Put Safety First. Buy a Snell/ANSI-approved helmet – then wear it. Check your bike for reflectors (reflectors and lights are required in California are required in California for riding in darkness) and other safety features. Your local bike shop can help you find the right equipment. Wear brightly colored clothing, especially if you bicycle at dawn or dusk.

Check Your Fitness Level. You may want to consult your physician to make sure you’re fit enough to ride. Talk to Your Employer. Your company may offer benefits for bicyclists, such as lockers to store your bicycle, shower and changing facilities, bonuses for bike riders and more. Ask your employee transportation coordinator (ETC) or human resources manager. They can also help you discover options such as where you’ll store and extra change of clothes or if you can.

Bike to Work! A great day to give it a try is Bike to Work Day, a day when people throughout the state will leave their cars at home and instead bicycle to work.

Linux ???

2009-11-27T06:05:00.000-08:00

Linux is one of the hottest buzzwords in the world of computers, but beyond that, what is it? Simply put, Linux is an operating system. Which of course begs the question, “what is an operating system?” In simple terms, an operating system is software that runs your PC. Microsoft Windows is another operating system, as is the Apple OS X®. Of course, you are familiar with the various applications you run on your PC, such as word processors, graphics utilities, spreadsheets, and even games. An operating system is like these other applications, except that rather than create a document or play a game, it actually runs your PC. When you move a file, delete a file, create a directory, load software, etc., it is your operating system that performs all of these tasks. Without an operating system, your PC is really just a pile of useless circuits, worth less to you than a toaster. The operating system is what is running your machine. In addition to communicating with your printer, displaying output to your monitor, and running your CD-ROM, it has other functions. Your operating system provides a context within which your applications run. For example, your favorite word processor must run within the context of your computer’s operating system. When you print, your word processor talks to the operating system, which in turn handles the printing. The operating system is, essentially, the soul of your computer.

There are other operating systems available for you to use. You are probably familiar with Microsoft Windows (Windows 98, 2000, or XP). Windows is a very popular operating system for home users and small businesses. In fact, in its various versions, Windows is the predominant desktop operating system. It is hard to find a modern office without computers running Windows. Most home users have a Windows PC. This is obvious when you go to any store that sells computer software. Most commercial software stores carry predominantly Windows software, with only a small selection of titles for other operating systems. Another popular operating system is Apple Macintosh OS (short for operating system). As of this writing, the Macintosh OS is up to version 10, popularly referred to as OS X. Macintosh is easy to use and has been particularly popular with the graphics and computer animation industries. Many very high-end computer graphics companies use Apple computers. Many of the special effects you see in movies were probably created, or at least augmented, with Apple computers. Another operating system that generally is used for high-end servers, not for desktops, is Unix, which is known This brings us to Linux. Linux is a variant of Unix. In fact, many people now use the term nix to refer to Unix and its variants. Linux is an operating system that has some rather unique features.

First, it is very stable and robust, being based on the time-honored Unix operating system (more on that in the next part of this chapter). Second, it is distributed under an open source license. Open source licensing is rather simple, yet elegant. Open source means that once you obtain a piece of software, it is yours to do with as you please. Would you like to make a copy or change the source code? Under open source, the source code of the software is open to the public, and when you purchase a product, it is yours to do with as you will. In case you did not realize it, this is radically different from Microsoft, Oracle®, Sun®, and most commercial software. For example, when you buy Microsoft Windows, the manufacturer’s licensing agreement that comes with the product places rather significant restrictions on what you can do with that product. Violating that license agreement can result in losing the license to that software and, in some extreme cases, in lawsuits. Each vendor’s licensing agreement stipulates what is acceptable use of its software and what is not. Most commercial vendors do not allow you to alter their software, nor do they allow you to have access to the source code for the software. Most vendors also do not allow you to make or distribute copies of their software after you purchase it. One example of software licensing restrictions is that if you purchase a computer that comes with Windows, you cannot later sell that copy of Windows, even if you have disposed of the machine. Several eBay® sellers have been shut down by Microsoft for just that sort of activity. Also, you most certainly do not have access to its source code. With open source software, you can do anything you want with the software once you get it, and you have complete access to the source code. its stability and security, but also for its expense.

Access to source code may not be particularly intriguing to many readers. You have to be a rather highly skilled programmer to make much use of it. However, if you have skilled programmers on staff, they can take the Linux source code and make modifications to customize the operating system for your particular needs.

One note of caution is in order. What you can do with open source software is not completely unlimited. For example, you cannot put your own label on open source software and resell it. The open source license does not give you this right. If you put Red Hat® Linux and your name on a CD-ROM and then started selling copies, you might find yourself the target of litigation and possible criminal charges. The author does not claim to be an attorney and recommends that with any software, you read the licensing agreement carefully. Open source software has the least restrictive licensing of any software you can find, far less restrictive than commercial software. However, there are still some limitations. It is recommended that you look at www.opensource.org/ to see a wealth of information and links on open source software.

One advantage of an open source operating system is that a lot of the software written for the operating system also is open source. This means that, although the software selection for Linux in an average retail store might be slim, the selection of freely downloadable software on the Internet is vast.

You will also find that the Linux community is rather supportive of itself. You will find several links in the appendices of this book, and it is even possible that you might find a Linux users group in your area, especially if you live in a major metropolitan area. These people can be quite helpful to the Linux novice.

About Linux Kernel

2009-11-16T04:24:00.000-08:00

If you’re using a distribution such as Fedora, you might have noticed many numbers associated with the Linux kernel version. (Type uname -r to see what I’m talking about specifically.) The first kernel used with Fedora Core 5, for example, is 2.6.15-1.2054_FC5. Here’s how to translate this into something a little more useful:

Version 2
Patch level 6
Sublevel 15
Extra version -1.2054
Local version _FC5

So if someone asks the person with this system what version of Linux she’s using, she would say 2.6. The 2 is the major and the 6 is the minor version number. The version and patch level are the official names from the kernel’s Makefile. The sublevel 15 is the 15th official release of kernel 2.6. The extra and local version are used internally by the distribution, in this case Fedora. Fedora uses them to indicate that this is their official numbered release (1.2054). And for the distributions version number FC5, the underscore is just used as a separator. In this chapter, I refer to these numbers as V (Version), P (patchlevel), S (sublevel), E (extra version), and L (local version).

Further confusion can be avoided if you understand one more piece of information. When someone asks what version of Linux you’re running, don’t say Fedora FC5 or Debian Sarge. Fedora and Debian are distributions. The version of Linux is the information I explain here. To
add further fuel to the fire (of confusion), some distributions add special methods to compile the kernel. Hence, the sections explaining the steps for Fedora and Debian. The section on the vanilla kernel is for those who don’t need the special instructions (such as Fedora before FC4). These are generally distributions not derived from Fedora or Debian (two of the largest distributions). I can’t know all the methods for compiling the kernel for a distribution, but the ones I outline probably cover most users’ needs.

Difference Between Wirelles and Wired

2009-11-15T06:10:00.000-08:00

Wireless networking is the easy way to set up a home network. If done correctly, it’s relatively secure and easy to operate. My network at home is a mix of wired and wireless network devices. The network hardware that stays in one place (such as my TiVo, desktop computers, and servers) are networked with cables. My laptops (one for work, one for fun) all use the wireless

network. Wireless makes it easier to move things around so that I’m not tied to my office. I can enjoy a nice day outside and still get my office work done.

Sometimes, too many wireless devices try to acces the network, and the quality of your network connection decreases

This is why my server is on the wired network. For large networks, a mix of wired and wireless computers is acceptable. For a small, home network, wireless is fine unless all your neighbors also have wireless — then things get pretty interesting! There are eight wireless access points within 150 feet of my home. Security in this sort of sit-

uation is very important, not only so that others don’t steal your bandwidth (and do things you might be blamed for), but also so that your devices don’t accidentally join other networks. Diagnosing this kind of a problem can leave you stumped for hours.

Which Distribution Of Linux That You Want To Choose?

2009-11-14T04:25:00.000-08:00

Different Linux distributions fill specific needs. For example, although RedHat started life as a unifying distribution, it primarily supported English applications. SuSE was a popular internationalized distribution. Many distributions were maintained by modifying other distributions. For example, Kheops is a French version of RedHat, and the Beowulf clustered computing environment is based on RedHat. Although RedHat has seeded many different distributions, it is not alone. Debian Linux is another distribution with a significant following. As with RedHat, Debian has been used to spawn many different niche distributions. Although Ubuntu is based on Debian, it is also seeding other distributions.Different distributions of the Linux operating system are sometimes called flavors.

There are over 370 different supported flavors of Linux, each with a different focus. You can see the listing of official distributions at http://www.linux.org.

Ubuntu is a Linux distribution based on Debian Linux. Different Linux distributions target different functional niches. The goal of Ubuntu is to bring Linux into the desktop workspace. To do this, it needs to provide a stable user interface, plenty of office tools, drivers for a myriad of peripherals, and still be user-friendly. Although different groups manage nearly every open source project, Canonical Ltd. provides a central point for development and support. Canonical, along with the Ubuntu community, can answer most of your technical (and not so technical) questions.

Five Steps To Riding Bike (First Editions)

2009-11-13T07:15:00.000-08:00

You don’t have to be an Olympic athlete to bike to work – even if you live a long distance away. When you commute by bicycle, you’ll save money, get a good workout, and do your share to cut auto emissions that are behind 60% of our area’s smog. Here, the bicycling experts at the California Bicycle Coalition offer a 5-step plan for bypassing traffic jams by bicycling to work.

Gear Up. Using a bike that’s been in the garage for a year or more? Have it checked out by your local bike shop pro. Most shops will perform a tune-up to make sure the bike is in working order for about $35.

Select a Route. Design a route by looking at a city map or Thomas Brother’s guidebook. Better yet, consult a local bike map that shows bike paths or lanes. Look for extra wide travel lanes and low traffic volumes.

Look for the route Options. Many bus lines and rail transit allow bicyclists to bring their bikes on board if they obtain a permit in advance so for commutes farther than 10 miles, you may be able to bike to a nearby Park & Ride lot and catch a ride the rest of the way. Call 1-800-COMMUTE, and select the “rideshare” option for information on Park & Ride lots where you can store your bike in safe lockers.

Consider a bike buddy. Is there anyone at work who lives nearby that might want to ride to work with you? Knowing that someone is counting on you to ride can strengthen your resolve to bicycle. It can also be safer to ride as a pair, too, since you’re a more formidable force on the road and have someone to help you in case of emergency.

Do a test run. One a day you would regularly take your car, drive the route and look for things like wide lanes and traffic flow. Check out the street
conditions: Is the pavement even? Are there lots of parked cars? You may even try a test ride on your bicycle on a weekend prior to riding the route on a busy weekday.

History of Linux

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The quickest way to understand Linux is to take a peek at its rich heritage. Although Programming of the Linux core started in 1991, the design concepts were based on the time-tested Unix operating system.Unix was developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories in the late 1960s. The original architects of Unix created it back when there were few operating systems, with the desire to have one that shared data, programs, and resources both efficiently and securely something that wasn’t available then (and is still sought after now). From there, Unix evolved into many different versions; its current family tree is so complicated that it looks like a kudzu infestation!

In 1991, Linus Torvalds was a computer science student at the University of Helsinki in Finland. He wanted an operating system that was like the Unix system that he’d grown fond of at the university, but both Unix and the hardware it ran on were prohibitively expensive. A Unix version called Minix was available for free, but it didn’t quite meet his needs. So, as a computer science student, Torvalds studied Minix and then set out to write a new version himself. In his own words (recorded for posterity on the Internet, since this was in an early version of an online chat room), his work was “just a hobby, won’t be big and professional like GNU.”

Writing an operating system is no small task. Even after six months of hard work, Torvalds had made very little progress toward the general utility of the system. He posted what he had to the Internet — and found that many people shared his interest and curiosity. Before long, some of the brightest minds around the world were contributing to Linus’s project by adding enhancements or fixing bugs (errors in the code).